Iindaba
01
Ubume besicelo sezinto zetsimbi zezixhobo zomkhosi
2024-09-07
Ushishino olutsha lwemathiriyeli lushishino olucwangcisiweyo nolusisiseko, kunye nommandla ophambili kumjikelo omtsha wenguqu kwezenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe kunye nenguqu kushishino. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ixabiso lilonke lemveliso yoshishino lwemathiriyeli entsha yaseTshayina likhule ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka esingaphezulu kwama-20%. Amasebe afanelekileyo kazwelonke aya kubambelela ekuziqhelaniseni neenjongo kunye nokuqhelaniswa nengxaki, aqhubeke nokwandisa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nophuhliso lwe-ecology, alungelelanise ukukhuthazwa kwempumelelo kwiintsilelo kunye nemathiriyeli kuqala, kwaye akhawulezise uphuhliso kunye nokukhula koshishino olutsha lwemathiriyeli.
Izixhobo zomkhosi zisisiseko sezinto zesizukulwana esitsha sezixhobo kunye nezixhobo, kwaye zikwayitekhnoloji ephambili kwicandelo lomkhosi kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Itekhnoloji yezinto ezintsha zomkhosi yitekhnoloji entsha yezinto ezisetyenziswa kwintsimi yomkhosi. Sisitshixo sezixhobo zanamhlanje eziphucukileyo kunye nezixhobo kunye nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yobugcisa bezomkhosi. Amazwe ehlabathini lonke agxininisa ukubaluleka kokuphuhliswa kobugcisa obutsha bezinto zomkhosi. Ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha yezixhobo zomkhosi yimfuneko ebalulekileyo yokugcina ubunkokeli bomkhosi.
1, ingxubevange yeTitanium
I-alloy ye-Titanium yi-alloy eyenziwe ngokudibanisa ezinye izinto ezisekelwe kwi-titanium. Ingxubevange ye-Titanium inokumelana nokugqwala okulungileyo, ukumelana nokudinwa kunye namandla athile aphezulu, kwaye inendima engenakubuyiselwa ekunciphiseni ubunzima bezixhobo ze-aerospace, ngoko isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Isetyenziswa kwiinjini zomoya, iinqwelomoya, imijukujelwa kunye namanye amabala. Ukuze uhlangabezane neempawu zesantya esiphezulu kunye nokuhamba okuphezulu kwenqwelomoya yokulwa, kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ubunzima kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngelixa uqinisekisa amandla okwakhiwa kwenqwelomoya, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka ibe nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu. Ingxubevange ye-Titanium yinto yentsimbi enamandla amakhulu athile (Amandla-Ubungakanani bobunzima). Inokunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima benqwelomoya kwaye iphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kolwakhiwo ngelixa idibana nolwakhiwo oluphezulu lwenqwelomoya yokulwa.
I-Titanium inoluhlu lweempawu ezibalaseleyo ezifana nobunzima obulula, amandla athile aphezulu, ukuxhathisa ukubola, njl. Isetyenziswe kwi-aviation, i-aerospace, iinqanawa, amandla enyukliya, imboni yeekhemikhali, njl. Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-petroleum, i-metallurgy, amandla ombane, imboni yokukhanya, ukunakekelwa kwezonyango, ezemidlalo, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla yabantu. Ithemba lemarike liya lisanda ngokwanda kunye nenkqubela phambili yoluntu. I-Titanium yodidi lwezinyithi ezinqabileyo, kodwa izibonelelo ze-titanium zininzi kwaye zinokuhlangabezana ngokufanelekileyo neemfuno zophuhliso loluntu. I-China, i-United States, iRashiya, iJapan kunye namanye amazwe aseke i-titanium metallurgy epheleleyo, ukucubungula, ukusetyenziswa kunye neenkqubo zophando lwezenzululwazi. Amazwe aseYurophu namanye aseke i-titanium ephucukileyo kunye nokusetyenzwa kwe-alloy yayo, izicelo kunye neenkqubo zophando lwezenzululwazi, ezibonelela ngesiseko sokuveliswa kwezinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu we-titanium. Isiqinisekiso esithembekileyo, ngoko i-titanium yinto abantu abasebenza nzima ukuphanda, ukuyiphuhlisa kunye nokusebenzisa
Ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, isixa se-titanium esisetyenziswa kwiinqwelo-moya zomkhosi siye sanyuka unyaka nonyaka. Okwangoku, ubungakanani be-titanium alloy esetyenziswa kwiijethi zokulwa eziphambili kunye neziqhushumbisi eziyilwe yiYurophu kunye neUnited States zizinzile ngaphezu kwe-20%, kwaye ubungakanani be-titanium esetyenziswe kwi-American F-22 fighter jet iphezulu ukuya kuma-41%. Sithethanje, inqwelo-moya yokulwa yesizukulwana sesithathu yelizwe lam zisebenzisa malunga neetoni ezi-2,25 zetitanium alloy kwinqwelo-moya nganye, nto leyo eyiphinda izihlandlo ezili-12 inqwelo-moya yesizukulwana sesibini (J-8 0.2 tons); Inqwelomoya yokulwa yesizukulwana sesine isebenzisa ukuya kutsho kwi-3.6 yeetoni ze-titanium alloy kwinqwelo-moya nganye. Njengoko ixabiso, ukusetyenziswa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nobuninzi be-titanium alloys kwisizukulwana sesine somkhosi wokulwa bonyuka, imfuno yentengiso yee-alloys ze-titanium zokugqibela zokusetyenziswa emkhosini kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke ukwanda.
Ngophuhliso lwemfazwe yanamhlanje, umkhosi udinga iinkqubo ezininzi ze-howitzer ezisebenzayo ezinamandla aphezulu, uluhlu olude, ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye namandla okuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Enye yetekhnoloji ephambili yenkqubo ye-Howitzer ephuculweyo yitekhnoloji entsha yezinto. Ukukhanya kwemathiriyeli ye-self-propelled artillery turrets, iikhomponenti, kunye neenqwelo zentsimbi ezikhaphukhaphu ezikhaphukhaphu yindlela engenakuthintelwa kuphuhliso lwezixhobo. Kwisiseko sokuqinisekisa amandla kunye nokhuseleko, iialloys ze-titanium zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zomkhosi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-titanium alloy kwi-155 ye-artillery muzzle brake ayikwazi ukunciphisa kuphela ubunzima, kodwa nokunciphisa ukuguqulwa kombhobho we-artillery obangelwa ubunzima, ukuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukuchaneka kokudubula; ezinye iimilo ezintsonkothileyo kwiitanki eziphambili zedabi kunye ne-helicopter-anti-tank imijukujelwa yeenjongo ezininzi Amacandelo angenziwa nge-titanium alloy, engenako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza kuphela kwemveliso kodwa nokunciphisa iindleko zokusetyenzwa kwamacandelo.
Kwixesha elide elidlulileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-titanium alloys kuye kwancitshiswa kakhulu ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zokuvelisa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe kwihlabathi liphela aphuhla ngokuphantsi
I-Titanium yintsimbi enezakhiwo ezigqwesileyo kunye nobutyebi obuninzi obuphuhliswe ngeminyaka yee-1950. Ngokunyuka kwemfuno engxamisekileyo yamandla aphezulu kunye nezinto ezinoxinano oluphantsi kushishino lomkhosi, inkqubo yoshishino lwe-titanium alloys iye yakhawuleza kakhulu. Ngaphandle, ubunzima bezinto ze-titanium kwiinqwelo-moya eziphambili zifikelele kwi-30 ~ 35% yobunzima obupheleleyo besakhiwo senqwelomoya. Ngexesha "yeSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu yesithoba" kwilizwe lethu, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zeenqwelomoya, i-aerospace, ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa kunye namanye amasebe, ilizwe lithathe ialloys ye-titanium njengenye yezinto eziphambili kuphuhliso lwemathiriyeli emitsha. Kulindeleke ukuba "iSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu ye-10" iya kuba lixesha lokuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwezinto ezintsha ze-titanium alloy kunye neenkqubo ezintsha kwilizwe lethu.
Ngokwembono yolwakhiwo lwemfuno yemarike yehlabathi, iialloyi zetitanium zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kushishino lweenqwelomoya, ishishini lokhuselo lwesizwe kunye namanye amashishini. Phakathi kwabo, imfuno yesicelo kwishishini le-aviation iyona inkulu, ibalwa malunga ne-50%, esetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni iinqwelomoya kunye neenjini. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa neTshayina, kukho umahluko ocacileyo kulwakhiwo lwemfuno yeemveliso zetitanium. KuMntla Merika kunye neManyano yaseYurophu, ephuhlise amashishini e-aerospace kunye nokhuselo lomkhosi, ngakumbi eMelika, ngaphezulu kwe-50% yemfuno yeemveliso ze-titanium ivela kwi-aerospace kunye nemimandla yokhuselo lomkhosi. Nangona ilizwe lethu lilelona lizwe livelisa isinyithi se-titanium likhulu ehlabathini, uninzi lwemfuno yelizwe lethu yeemveliso ze-titanium luphuma kwishishini lemichiza. Usetyenziso ikakhulu luchasene nomhlwa kunye nomxholo ophantsi wobugcisa. Imfuno ephezulu kwintsimi ye-aerospace ibalwe ngaphezu kwesiqingatha semfuno kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo. Umlinganiselo unyukile, kodwa usabala kuphela malunga ne-18.4% (iitoni ezili-10,000), elingaphantsi kakhulu kumyinge wehlabathi jikelele. Le datha ingentla ibonisa ukuba amazwe aphuhlileyo kunye namazwe anomlinganiselo omkhulu wezoshishino asebenzisa i-titanium eninzi. Okukhona amazwe ehambele phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, kokukhona kusetyenziswa imathiriyeli ye-titanium kwishishini le-aerospace kwaye kusetyenziswa imathiriyeli ye-titanium ephezulu.
2, ingxubevange yeAluminiyam
I-aluminium alloy yenye yezinto ezilula zetsimbi. Yi-alloy esekelwe kwi-aluminiyam kunye nomlinganiselo othile wezinye izinto zokudibanisa ezongeziweyo. Ukongeza kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-aluminiyam, ikwanawo amandla aphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuphosa kunye nokusebenza kweplastiki, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kombane. Iimpawu ezifana ne-thermal conductivity, ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kokubola kunye ne-weldability. I-Aluminiyam i-alloy ineempawu zobuninzi obuphantsi, iipropathi ezilungileyo zoomatshini, ukusebenza kakuhle kokusebenza, ukungahambi kakuhle, ukugaywa lula, ukuhanjiswa kombane okugqwesileyo, ukugqithiswa kobushushu kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola, njl., okwenza ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi. Ngoku isetyenziswa kushishino lwaselwandle, kwishishini lemichiza, kwi-aerospace, Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwipakethe yentsimbi, uthutho kunye namanye amasimi.
I-aluminium alloy ibisoloko iyeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwisakhiwo sesinyithi kwishishini lomkhosi. I-aluminium alloy ineempawu zokuxinana okuphantsi, amandla aphezulu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokusebenza. Njengezinto zokwakha, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kakuhle kakhulu, inokwenziwa kwiiprofayili, iipayipi, iiplati eziqinisiweyo eziphezulu, njl njl. Ukuqina kunye namandla. Ke ngoko, i-aluminium alloy yeyona nto ithandwayo yolwakhiwo lwezixhobo ezikhaphukhaphu.
Kushishino lweenqwelomoya, iialloyi zealuminiyam zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza izikhumba zenqwelomoya, izahlulo, imiqadi emide, kunye nemivalo yokucheba. Kwishishini le-aerospace, ii-alloys ze-aluminiyam zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo zezakhiwo zeenqwelo zokuqalisa kunye ne-spacecraft. Kwintsimi yezixhobo, i-aluminium alloys isetyenziswe ngempumelelo. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinqwelo zokulwa zeentsana kunye neenqwelo zokuthutha ezixhobileyo. Intaba ye-Howitzer esandula ukuphuhliswa isebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinto ezintsha ze-aluminium alloy.
Okwangoku, i-alloys ye-aluminium ephezulu kwi-aerospace yase-China kunye neendawo zokwakha iinqanawa zinokuveliswa ngokuzimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuqokelelwa kobuchwephesha obubuthathaka kunye nolawulo olungonelanga lwenkqubo yemveliso, ukusebenza ngokufanayo kwemveliso kumbi okanye izinga lemfundo lisezantsi. Xa kuthelekiswa neendleko zangaphandle, kukho izikhewu kulawulo. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nokuqokelela amava kunye nokuphumelela ngokuthe ngcembe kwiiteknoloji eziphambili, ikhonkco lezoshishino liyaqhubeka nokugxininisa uphuhliso lwalo kwiindawo eziphezulu. Okwangoku, i-aluminiyam i-alloy yeyesibini ngobukhulu emva kwentsimbi, kwaye iphuhlisa kwizicelo ezinjengokuqina okuphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu, ukuxhathisa umhlwa, ubukrelekrele, ukuchaneka kunye nokubumbana. Idatha ibonisa ukuba imveliso ye-aluminium yelizwe lam yasekhaya ngo-2022 iya kuba yi-12.183 yezigidi zeetoni, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka we-14.07%.
3. Magnesium ingxubevange
I-Magnesium inokwenza i-alloy kunye ne-aluminium, ubhedu, i-zinc, i-zirconium, i-thorium kunye nezinye izinyithi. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-magnesium ecocekileyo, le alloy ineempawu ezingcono zomatshini kwaye yinto efanelekileyo yokwakha. Nangona i-magnesium alloys ekhubazekileyo ineempawu ezilungileyo zizonke, i-magnesium ine-hexagonal lattice esondeleneyo, eyenza ukuba inkqubo yeplastiki ibe nzima kwaye ibize. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwangoku kwee-alloys ze-magnesium ekhubazekileyo kuncinci kunoko kwe-magnesium alloys. Kukho izinto ezininzi kwitheyibhile yeperiodic ezinokudityaniswa ne-magnesium.
Ukusukela kwinkulungwane yama-20, i-magnesium alloys isetyenziswe kwindawo ye-aerospace. Kuba i-magnesium alloy inokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-aerodynamic yenqwelomoya kwaye inciphise kakhulu ubunzima bayo besakhiwo, iindawo ezininzi zenziwe ngayo. Ngokubanzi, ii-alloys ze-magnesium ezisetyenziswa kwinqwelomoya ikakhulu ziipleyiti kunye neeprofayili ezikhutshiweyo, kwaye inxalenye encinci kukuphosa. Imimandla ekhoyo ngoku ye-magnesium alloys kuphapho ibandakanya iinxalenye zeenqwelomoya zasekuhlaleni, iipropeller, iibhokisi zegiya, izakhiwo zezibiyeli kunye neenxalenye ezithile zeerokethi, imijukujelwa kunye neesathelayithi zeenqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo zasekuhlaleni nezomkhosi. Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokuvelisa i-magnesium alloy, ukusebenza kuya kuqhubeka nokuphucula kwaye umda wesicelo uya kuqhubeka nokwandisa.
I-Magnesium alloy inobunzima bokukhanya obulungileyo, ukuchaneka, ukuxhathisa ukubola, ukufunxa ukothuka, ukuzinza komda kunye nokuchasana kwempembelelo, engaphezulu kakhulu kwezinye izinto. Ezi zakhiwo zenza ukuba i-magnesium alloys isetyenziswe kwiinkalo ezininzi, ezifana nezothutho, imboni ye-electronics, indawo yezokwelapha, imboni yezempi, njl. Lo mkhwa usanda kuphela. Ngokukodwa kwiinkalo zeemveliso ze-3C (iKhompyutha, iMveliso yoMthengi we-Electronic, uNxibelelwano), umzila ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu, iimoto, iibhayisikili, i-aerospace, umhlobiso wezakhiwo, izixhobo eziphathwayo, izixhobo zokuvuselela unyango kunye nezinye iinkalo, unethuba elihle lokufaka isicelo kunye namandla amakhulu. Ukuba ngomnye wemigaqo yophuhliso lwemathiriyeli emitsha kwixesha elizayo. Phakathi kwekhathalogu yezixhobo ezitsha ezingaphezulu kwama-400 ezichongwe liSebe lezoShishino kunye nobuChwepheshe boLwazi ukuxhasa uphuhliso ngexesha "leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu", ezili-12 zinxulumene nemagnesium.
Ukusetyenziswa kweealloyi ze-magnesium kwizixhobo zomkhosi kunokuphucula amandla eendawo zesakhiwo, ukunciphisa ubunzima bezixhobo, kunye nokuphucula izinga lokubetha kwezixhobo. Kwangaxeshanye, iialloyi ze-magnesium zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokufunxa ingxolo yezinto eziphathekayo, ukufunxa ukothuka, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemitha kwiinkalo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obunje nge-aerospace, iphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwenqwelomoya, kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima bobume. Ke ngoko, ii-alloys ze-magnesium zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweekhabhathi, iipaneli zodonga, izibiyeli, ii-wheel hubs zeenqwelomoya kunye nezithuthi zomhlaba, kunye neebhloko ze-cylinder ze-injini, iimeko zentloko ye-cylinder, ipistons kunye nezinye iindawo. Kwangaxeshanye, iialloys zemagnesium zikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza ezinye izixhobo zasemkhosini. , ezifana nezixhaso ze-bunker, iziseko zodaka kunye nemijukujelwa, njl. Ngokunzulu kophando lwe-magnesium alloy kunye nokuphuculwa kwezinto eziphathekayo, i-magnesium alloys iya kusetyenziswa ngakumbi kwizixhobo.
4, i-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu
I-alloys yobushushu obuphezulu ngokubanzi ibhekisa kuhlobo lwezixhobo zetsimbi ezisebenzisa i-iron, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt njengezinto ze-matrix kwaye zisenokuba namandla afanelekileyo ezinto eziphathekayo, ukuxhathisa ukukhathala, kunye nokumelana nokunyuka phantsi kwesenzo sangaxeshanye soxinzelelo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu (ngaphezu kwama-600 ° C). Okwangoku, ii-alloys zobushushu obuphezulu zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kumacandelo amane okuphela kwe-aeroengines: amagumbi okutsha, izikhokelo, ii-turbine blades kunye neediski zee-turbine. Zikwasetyenziswa kwi casings, imisesane, afterburners kunye nemilomo yomsila. Uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo lwenza i-alloys yobushushu obuphezulu ibe yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwisakhiwo ekukhuthazeni ukuphuhliswa kwee-aero-injini. Inkqubela phambili yeteknoloji yee-injini ze-aero ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nophuhliso lwe-alloys ephezulu yokushisa.
I-alloys yobushushu obuphezulu buneempawu ezibalaseleyo kwaye zinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. I-alloy ye-high-temperature alloy ibhekisela kuhlobo lwezinto zetsimbi ezisekelwe kwintsimbi, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt enokusebenza kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu ngaphezu kwe-600 ° C kwaye phantsi koxinzelelo oluthile ixesha elide. I-alloys yobushushu obuphezulu bunamandla aphezulu obushushu, ukumelana kakuhle ne-oxidation kunye nokugqwala, ukumelana nokudinwa okuhle, ukuqina kokuqina kunye nezinye iipropathi ezibanzi, kwaye zikwabizwa ngokuba yi "superalloys". Ngokwembono amasimi isicelo ialloyi eliphezulu-lobushushu: kwinkalo kushishino lwasekuhlaleni, zingasetyenziswa kwi turbines injini ye-diesel booster, iiblades igesi flue turbine kunye disks, metallurgical rolling intsimbi zokufudumeza pads eziko, injini yokuvutha yangaphakathi izihlalo zevalve yokuvutha, njl Ukongeza, ububanzi besicelo kutshanje kuye kwandiswa ngokuqhubekayo kunye nokwandiswa kobushushu obuqhubekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. ibe yinkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwizicelo kwi-petrochemical, iglasi kunye ne-fiberglass, kunye namashishini okuvelisa oomatshini. Kwinkalo yoshishino lomkhosi, i-nickel-based high-temperature alloys ngoku zizinto eziphambili ze-hot-end-end kwi-injini ye-aerospace yale mihla, i-spacecraft kunye neenjini ze-rocket, kunye neenqanawa kunye nee-injini zegesi zemizi-mveliso. Zikwayimathiriyeli yolwakhiwo oluphezulu lobushushu obufunekayo kwizixhobo zenyukliya, izixhobo zekhemikhali, iteknoloji yokuguqula amalahle, njl.njl. Njengemathiriyeli ebalulekileyo kumkhosi noluntu, iialloyi ezinobushushu obuphezulu zinendawo ebanzi yokusetyenziswa kwaye zinokubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho neqhinga.
Ngokwedatha evela eGuanyan Tianxia, ubungakanani bemarike ye-alloy ephezulu yelizwe lam bunyuke ukusuka kwi-7.8 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ukuya kwi-18.7 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ukusuka ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2020, ukonyuka okuphindwe kathathu kwiminyaka emi-5. Kwixesha elizayo, njengoko imfuno enkulu ye-endogenous yeenjini ze-aerospace yomkhosi ikhutshwa, kulindeleke ukuba ubungakanani bentengiso yoshishino lwelizwe lam olunobushushu obuphezulu buya kufikelela kwi-85.6 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-2025, nge-CAGR ye-35.56%.
5, intsimbi ephezulu yamandla aphezulu
I-Ultra-high-strength steel luhlobo lwensimbi ye-alloy esetyenziselwa ukwenza iinxalenye zesakhiwo ezinokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ngokubanzi, iintsimbi ezinamandla esivuno esikhulu kune-1180MPa kunye namandla okuqina angaphezu kwe-1380MPa ngokubanzi zinokuqina okwaneleyo, amandla athile aphezulu kunye nomlinganiselo wesivuno, kunye nokuwelda okulungileyo kunye nokubumba. Ngokwenqanaba le-alloying kunye ne-microstructure, inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amathathu: i-alloy ephantsi, i-alloy ephakathi kunye ne-alloy ephezulu yentsimbi ephezulu. NgoFebruwari 2018, isizukulwana esitsha se-ultra-high-strength-strength esekelwe ekuqinisweni okuhambelanayo kwe-nanoprecipitation yaphuhliswa, eyaphumelela isihloko sobuPhathiswa beSayensi kunye neTekhnoloji yeNkqubela yeNzululwazi ePhezulu yeNzululwazi e-China kwi-2017.
I-China yaqala ukuveliswa kovavanyo lwentsimbi ye-ultra-high-strength kwi-1950s. Ukudibanisa iimeko zemithombo yasekhaya, siye saphuhlisa ngempumelelo i-alloy-alloy-high-high-strength steels efana ne-35Si2Mn2MoVA, 40CrMnSiMoVA kunye ne-33Si2MnCrMoVREA. Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziselwe ukuvelisa izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngezixhobo zokumisa inqwelomoya kunye neecasings eziqinileyo zerocket motor. Emva kwe-1980, iteknoloji ye-vacuum smelting yayisetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukucoceka kwensimbi, kunye ne-40CrNi2Si2MoVA, 45CrNiMo1VA kunye ne-18Ni maraging steel zaveliswa ngempumelelo. Inkqubela phambili ephawulekayo yenziwe ekuphuhliseni nasekusetyenzisweni kwentsimbi ye-ultra-high-strength. Ukususela ngo-1990, ukuphumelela okutsha kuye kwenziwa kuphando lwezixhobo ezintsha kunye neenkqubo ezintsha, kwaye inkqubela entsha yenziwe ekuphuhliseni nasekusetyenzisweni kwentsimbi ye-ultra-high-strength kunye nokuqina okuphezulu kwe-fracture ye-aviation kunye ne-aerospace.
6, ingxubevange yeTungsten
Phakathi kwesinyithi, i-tungsten ineyona ndawo iphezulu yokunyibilika, amandla afanelekileyo obushushu obuphezulu, ukuxhathisa kokurhubuluza, i-thermal conductivity, ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye neempawu zokukhutshwa kwe-electron, kunye nomxhuzulane omkhulu othile. Ukongeza kwinani elikhulu le-carbide ene-cemented kunye ne-alloy additives, i-tungsten kunye ne-alloys zayo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini ombane kunye nombane wokukhanya kombane, kwaye zikwasetyenziswa kwi-aerospace, ukuphosa, izixhobo kunye namanye amacandelo ukwenza imibhobho ye-rocket, i-mold-casting molds, i-armor-piering cores, i-conductors, i-Heating elements, kunye nezinto zokufudumala.
I-Tungsten ineyona ndawo iphezulu yokunyibilika phakathi kweentsimbi. Inzuzo yayo ebalaseleyo kukuba indawo yayo ephezulu yokunyibilika izisa amandla aphezulu obushushu obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto. Ibonise iimpawu ezibalaseleyo kushishino lomkhosi, ngakumbi ekwenzeni izixhobo. Kwishishini lezixhobo, isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza iintloko zeemfazwe ezahlukeneyo zokugqobhoza izixhobo. I-Tungsten alloy isebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-powder pretreatment kunye netekhnoloji enkulu yokomeleza itekhnoloji ukucokisa ukutya okuziinkozo kunye nokwandisa ukuqhelaniswa neenkozo, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe amandla ezinto, ukuqina kunye namandla okungena. Izinto ezingundoqo ze-tungsten zoHlobo lwe-125II yokugqobhoza izixhobo eziphuhliswe lilizwe lethu yi-W-Ni-Fe, eyamkela inkqubo yoxinaniso eguquguqukayo yokugalela i-compact sintering. Umyinge wokusebenza kwayo ufikelela kumandla okuqina we-1,200 MPa, ulwandiso olungaphezulu kwe-15%, kunye nesalathiso sobugcisa bokulwa seemitha ezingama-2,000. Umgama ugqobhoza 600 mm ubukhulu homogeneous isikrweqe sentsimbi. Okwangoku, i-alloy ye-tungsten isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengeyona nto ingundoqo kwitanki yedabi ebanzi, i-projectiles yokugqobhoza inqwelo-moya encinci kunye nephakathi, i-anti-aircraft yezixhobo zokugqobhoza izixhobo kunye ne-ultra-high-speed-high-speed-high-speed-high-speed-high-speed-high-speed-high-speed-high-speed-high-speed yamandla e-kinetic yokugqobhoza isikrweqe, eyenza ii-projectiles ezahlukeneyo zokugqobhoza zibe namandla ngakumbi.
Ngokuhambela phambili kophuhliso lwesayensi, izixhobo ze-tungsten alloy ziye zaba zizinto ezisetyenziswayo zokwenza iimveliso zomkhosi namhlanje, ezinjengeembumbulu, izixhobo zemfazwe kunye namaqokobhe eengalo, iintloko zee-shrapnel, iziqhushumbisi, imipu, iintloko zeembumbulu, izithuthi ezingangenwa ziimbumbulu, iitanki ezixhobileyo, inqwelomoya yomkhosi, izixhobo zokulwa, imipu, njl njl. kunye nezixhobo ezihlanganisiweyo kwii-engile ezinkulu, kwaye zezona zixhobo zichasene netanki.
7
Izinto ezihlanganisiweyo ze-metal matrix zinamandla athile aphezulu, imodyuli ethile ephezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu obuphezulu, i-coefficient yokwandisa i-thermal ephantsi, uzinzo oluhle lomgangatho, kunye nokuhamba kombane kunye nobushushu obugqwesileyo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwishishini lomkhosi. I-Aluminiyam, i-magnesium, kunye ne-titanium zezona matrices eziphambili ze-metal matrix composite. Izinto zokuqinisa zinokwahlulwa ngokubanzi zibe ngamacandelo amathathu: iifiber, amasuntswana, kunye namabhovu. Phakathi kwazo, i-particle-reinforced aluminium matrix composites ingene ekuqinisekiseni imodeli, njengoko isetyenziswe kwiijethi zokulwa ze-F-16. I-ventral fin ithatha indawo ye-aluminium alloy, kwaye ukuqina kwayo kunye nobomi bayo buphuculwe kakhulu.I-Carbon fibre eyomeleziweyo ye-aluminium kunye ne-magnesium-based composite materials ayinayo kuphela amandla athile aphezulu, kodwa iphinde ibe ne-coefficient yokwandisa i-thermal kufuphi ne-zero kunye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-dimensional. Ziye zasetyenziswa ngempumelelo ukwenza izibiyeli zesathelayithi ezenziweyo, i-L-band planar antennas, iiteleskopu zasemkhathini, kunye neesathelayithi ezenziweyo. Ii-eriyali zeParabolic, njl.; I-silicon carbide i-particle eyomeleziweyo ye-aluminiyam ye-matrix ye-matrix yezixhobo ezidibeneyo zinezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza kweqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye neempawu ezichasayo, kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo ze-rocket kunye ne-missile, i-infrared kunye ne-laser ye-laser system guide components, izixhobo ezichanekileyo ze-avionics, njl. I-silicon carbide ifayibha eyomeleziweyo ye-titanium matrix Izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo zinokuxhathisa ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation kwaye zizixhobo ezifanelekileyo zolwakhiwo lweenjini ezinomlinganiselo ophezulu wokutyhala ukuya kubunzima. Ngoku bangene kwinqanaba lokuvavanya iinjini eziphambili. Kwinkalo yoshishino lwezixhobo, izixhobo ezihlanganisiweyo ze-metal matrix zingasetyenziswa kumsila omkhulu ozinzileyo wokugqobhoza izixhobo, i-anti-helicopter/anti-tank ye-injini ye-missile eyomeleleyo yeenjongo ezininzi kunye nezinye izinto zokunciphisa ubunzima bentloko yemfazwe kunye nokuphucula amandla okulwa.
Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwama-40 ukususela ekufikeni kwezinto ezidibeneyo ze-metal matrix. Ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezibalaseleyo zomzimba kunye noomatshini ezifana namandla athile aphezulu, imodyuli ethile, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, i-coefficient encinci yokwandisa i-thermal, kunye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-dimensional, baye baloyisa imiceli mngeni yezinto ezisekwe kwintlaka. Iintsilelo zezinto ezidibeneyo ezisetyenziswa kwintsimi ye-aerospace ziye zakhokelela kuphuhliso oluphawulekayo kwaye ziye zaba yindawo ebalulekileyo yophando oluphezulu kunye nophuhliso kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yetekhnoloji yokucubungula engafezekanga kunye neendleko eziphezulu zezixhobo ze-metal matrix composite, ukuveliswa kobunzima obukhulu ayikabunjwa, ngoko ke kuseyindawo eshushu kuphando lwangoku kunye nophuhliso.