Nūhou
01
Ke kūlana noi o nā mea metala no nā mea kaua
2024-09-07
ʻO ka ʻoihana waiwai hou he ʻoihana hoʻolālā a kumu, a he wahi koʻikoʻi no kahi pōʻai hou o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻoihana. I nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka waiwai hoʻopuka o ka ʻoihana waiwai hou o Kina i ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki ma mua o 20%. E pili ana nā keʻena pili aupuni i ka pahuhopu a me ka hoʻonohonoho pilikia, e hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻenehana hou a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou, hoʻonohonoho i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hemahema i nā hemahema a me nā mea mua, a hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana waiwai hou.
ʻO nā mea kaua ke kumu waiwai no ka hanauna hou o nā mea kaua a me nā mea hana, a he mau ʻenehana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi i ke kahua kaua i kēia ao. ʻO ka ʻenehana mea kaua hou he ʻenehana mea hou i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua kaua. ʻO ia ke kī i nā mea kaua a me nā lako hana a me kahi mea nui o ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o ka pūʻali koa. Hoʻopili nui nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana mea kaua hou. ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana mea kaua hou he mea koʻikoʻi nui no ka mālama ʻana i ke alakaʻi kaua.
1、Titanium huila
ʻO ka alloy Titanium kahi huila i hana ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ala ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka titanium. Loaʻa i ka Titanium alloy ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa luhi a me ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, a he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻemi kaumaha o nā mea hana aerospace, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻenekini mokulele, mokulele, missiles a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe. I mea e hoʻokō ai i nā ʻano o ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe a me ka maneuverability kiʻekiʻe o nā mokulele mokulele, pono e hoʻemi i ke kaumaha e like me ka hiki ke hōʻoia i ka ikaika o ke kino o ka mokulele, a ma ka manawa like, pono e loaʻa ka ikaika ikaika kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kila Titanium ka mea metala me ka ikaika kikoʻī nui loa (Strength-Weight Ratio). Hiki iā ia ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i ke kaumaha o ka mokulele a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka wā e hālāwai ai me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe o ka mokulele mokulele kiʻekiʻe.
Loaʻa i ka Titanium nā waiwai maikaʻi loa e like me ke kaumaha māmā, ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka mokulele, ka aerospace, nā moku, ka ikehu nuklea, ka ʻoihana kemika, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ke piʻi nui nei ka manaʻo o ka mākeke me ka holomua o ke kaiāulu. No ka Titanium ka mahele o na metala laha ole, aka, ua nui na kumu waiwai titanium a hiki ke hooko pono i na pono o ka hooulu kanaka. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Kina, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Rūsia, Iapana a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i ka titanium metallurgy, ka hoʻoili ʻana, ka noi a me nā ʻōnaehana noiʻi ʻepekema. Ua hoʻokumu pū ʻo ʻEulopa a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i ka titanium kiʻekiʻe a me kāna hana ʻana i ka alloy, noi a me nā ʻōnaehana noiʻi ʻepekema, e hāʻawi ana i kumu no ka hana ʻana i nā mea titanium kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo paʻa, no laila ʻo ka titanium kahi mea e hana ikaika ai ka poʻe e noiʻi, hoʻomohala a hoʻohana
Mai ka hopena o 1960s, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka titanium i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mokulele kaua i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka titanium alloy i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mokulele fighter holomua a me nā pōkā i hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma mua o 20%, a ʻo ka nui o ka titanium i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mokulele mokulele F-22 ʻAmelika he kiʻekiʻe e like me 41%. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ka mokulele mokulele ʻekolu o koʻu ʻāina ma kahi o 2.25 tons o ka titanium alloy no kēlā me kēia mokulele, ʻo ia hoʻi he 12 mau manawa o ka mokulele lua (J-8 0.2 tons); ke hoʻohana nei ka mokulele ʻehā-hanauna a hiki i ka 3.6 tons o ka titanium alloy no kēlā me kēia mokulele. Ke hoʻonui nei ka waiwai, ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻolālā ʻia a me ka nui o nā alloys titanium no nā pūʻali koa ʻehā o ka hanauna, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka makemake o ka mākeke no nā alloys titanium kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa.
Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaua hou, pono ka pūʻali i nā ʻōnaehana howitzer holomua multi-functional me ka mana kiʻekiʻe, ka lōʻihi, ka pololei kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ke pane wikiwiki. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻōnaehana howitzer holomua ʻo ia ka ʻenehana waiwai hou. ʻO ka māmā māmā o nā mea no nā puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu ponoʻī, nā ʻāpana, a me nā kaʻa pale kila māmā he ʻano hiki ʻole i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kaua. Ma ke kumu o ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka dinamika a me ka pale, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā alloys titanium i nā mea kaua. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka titanium alloy i ka 155 artillery muzzle brake ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻemi wale i ke kaumaha, akā e hōʻemi hoʻi i ka deformation o ka pahu artillery i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka gravity, e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka pololei o ka pana; kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī ma nā pahu kaua nui a me nā helicopter-anti-tank multi-purpose missiles Hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka titanium alloy, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō wale i nā koi hana o ka huahana akā e hoʻemi hoʻi i ke kumukūʻai hana o nā ʻāpana.
No ka manawa lōʻihi i ka wā ma mua, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā alloys titanium ma muli o nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke ulu ikaika nei nā ʻāina a puni ka honua
ʻO Titanium kahi metala me nā waiwai maikaʻi loa a me nā kumu waiwai nui i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki 1950. Me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka noi no ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka ʻoihana koa, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana o nā alloys titanium. Ma waho aʻe, ua hōʻea ke kaumaha o nā mea titanium ma nā mokulele holomua i 30 ~ 35% o ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka hoʻolālā mokulele. I loko o ka manawa "Nā ʻEiwa Makahiki" i ko mākou ʻāina, i mea e hoʻokō ai i nā pono o ka mokulele, aerospace, ka hana moku a me nā keʻena ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ka ʻāina i nā alloys titanium i mea nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka "10th Five-Year Plan" kahi manawa o ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana i nā mea hou titanium alloy a me nā kaʻina hana hou i ko mākou ʻāina.
Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻolālā noi mākeke honua, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā alloys titanium i ka ʻoihana mokulele, ʻoihana pale aupuni a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka noi noi ma ka ʻoihana mokulele ka mea nui loa, e helu ana ma kahi o 50%, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā mokulele a me nā mīkini. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Kina, aia nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i ka ʻōnaehana koi no nā huahana titanium. Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa, ka mea i hoʻomohala i nā ʻoihana aerospace a me nā ʻoihana pale kaua, ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% o ka noi no nā huahana titanium mai ka aerospace a me nā kahua pale kaua. ʻOiai ʻo ko mākou ʻāina kekahi o nā mea hana nui a me nā mea kūʻai aku o ka titanium metal, ʻo ka hapa nui o ko mākou ʻāina i koi ʻia no nā huahana titanium mai ka ʻoihana kemika. ʻO nā noi he mau mea anti-corrosion me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka noi kiʻekiʻe ma ke kahua aerospace ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ka noi i nā makahiki ʻelua i hala. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ratio, akā aia wale nō ma kahi o 18.4% (10,000 tons), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pae awelika honua. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i luna aʻe e hoʻohana nui nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia a me nā ʻāina me ka nui o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana i ka titanium. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻāina ʻenehana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea titanium i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana aerospace a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea titanium kiʻekiʻe.
2, Aluminum huila
ʻO ka alumini alumini kekahi o nā mea metala māmā. ʻO ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o ka alumini me kahi nui o nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻohui ʻia. Ma waho aʻe o nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka alumini, loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka hana hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi a me ka hana hoʻoili plastik, a me ka conductivity uila maikaʻi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka thermal conductivity, maikaʻi ka corrosion kūpaʻa a me ka weldability. Loaʻa i ka alumini alumini nā hiʻohiʻona o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi, ka hana hana maikaʻi, ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa, maʻalahi ka hana hou ʻana, ka conductivity uila maikaʻi loa, ka hoʻoili wela a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, etc., hoʻohana nui ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i kēia manawa i ka ʻoihana moana, ʻoihana kemika, aerospace, Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻeke metala, ka lawe ʻana a me nā māla ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke alumini alumini ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana koa. Loaʻa i ka alumini alumini nā hiʻohiʻona o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, a me ka hana hana maikaʻi. Ma keʻano he mea hoʻolālā, ma muli o kāna hana hoʻoponopono maikaʻi loa, hiki ke hanaʻia i loko o nā profiles, nā paipu, nā papa kiʻekiʻe i hoʻoikaikaʻia, a me nā mea'ē aʻe o nā'āpana'āpana likeʻole e hoʻohana pono i ka pono o ka mea a hoʻonui i nā mea. ʻO ka rigidity a me ka ikaika. No laila, ʻo ka alumini alumini ka mea i makemake ʻia no nā mea kaua māmā.
I ka ʻoihana mokulele, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā alumini alumini e hana i nā ʻili mokulele, nā ʻāpana, nā kaola lōʻihi, a me nā ʻoki ʻoki. I ka ʻoihana aerospace, he mau mea koʻikoʻi nā alumini alumini no nā ʻāpana hana o nā kaʻa hoʻomaka a me nā mokulele. Ma ke kahua o nā mea kaua, ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā alumini alumini. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā kaʻa kaua infantry a me nā kaʻa lawe kaua. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mauna howitzer i kūkulu hou ʻia i ka nui o nā mea alumini alumini hou.
I kēia manawa, hiki ke hana kūʻokoʻa nā mea alumini alumini kiʻekiʻe ma Kina aerospace a me nā kahua kūkulu moku. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka nāwaliwali o ka ʻenehana a me ka lawa ʻole o ka mana kaʻina hana, ʻilihune ka like ʻole o ka huahana a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā koina o nā ʻāina ʻē, Aia nā hakahaka i ka mana. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ʻike a me nā holomua lohi i nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi, ke hoʻomau nei ke kaulahao ʻoihana i ka hohonu o kona hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka alumini alumini ka lua o nā mea metala nui loa ma hope o ke kila, a ke hoʻomohala nei ia i nā noi e like me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ka naʻauao, ka pololei, a me ka compactness. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka hana ʻana o ka alumini alumini kūloko o koʻu ʻāina i ka makahiki 2022 he 12.183 miliona tons, kahi hoʻonui makahiki-ma-makahiki o 14.07%.
3、Manesium alloy
Hiki i ka Magnesium ke hana i kahi huila me ka aluminika, keleawe, zinc, zirconium, thorium a me nā metala ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka magnesium maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia alloy i nā waiwai mechanical a he mea hoʻolālā maikaʻi. ʻOiai he mau waiwai holoʻokoʻa ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana magnesium deformed, loaʻa i ka magnesium kahi lattice hexagonal kokoke i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, kahi mea paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi ka hana ʻana i ka plastik. No laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana magnesium deformed ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā alloy magnesium. Nui nā mea i loko o ka papaʻaina i hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me ka magnesium.
Mai ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui magnesium i ke kahua aerospace. No ka mea hiki i ka magnesium alloy ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hana aerodynamic o ka mokulele a hoʻemi nui i kona paona kino, ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana he nui. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka magnesium alloys i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mokulele he mau papa a me nā profile extruded, a ʻo kahi hapa liʻiliʻi he castings. ʻO nā māhele hoʻohana i kēia manawa o ka magnesium alloys i ka mokulele e pili ana i nā ʻāpana mokulele kīwila, propellers, gearboxes, bracket structures a me kekahi mau wahi o nā rockets, missiles a me nā satelite no nā mokulele kīwila a me ka pūʻali koa. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana hana hana magnesium alloy, e hoʻomau ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana a e hoʻomau ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka noi.
Loaʻa i ka magnesium alloy ke kaumaha māmā maikaʻi, ka machinability, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ka haʻalulu haʻalulu, ke kūpaʻa dimensional a me ke kūpaʻa hopena, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia mau waiwai e hiki ai ke hoʻohanaʻia i nā'āpana magnesium ma nāʻano ākea, e like me ka halihaliʻana, kaʻoihana uila, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, kaʻoihana koa, a pēlā aku. ʻOi aku ma nā kahua o nā huahana 3C (Computer, Consumer Electronic Product, Communication), high-speed rail, automobiles, bikes, aerospace, architectural decor, handheld tools, medical rehabilitation equipment and other fields, he mau noi noi maikaʻi a me ka mana nui. E lilo i hoʻokahi o nā kuhikuhi hoʻomohala o nā mea hou i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ma waena o 400 mau mea hou i koho ʻia e ka Ministry of Industry and Information Technology e kākoʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wā "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", 12 pili i ka magnesium.
Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka magnesium alloys i nā mea kaua ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika o nā ʻāpana kūkulu, hoʻemi i ke kaumaha o nā mea hana, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pā o nā mea kaua. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka magnesium alloys ke hoʻokō i nā koi no ka absorption noise material, shock absorption, a me ka pale radiation i nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e like me ka aerospace, hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka hana aerodynamic o nā mokulele, a hoʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke kino. No laila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka magnesium alloys i ka hana ʻana i nā keʻena, nā pā pā, nā brackets, nā huila huila no nā mokulele a me nā kaʻa ʻāina, a me nā poloka cylinder engine, nā pahu pahu pahu, nā piston a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, hoʻohana pū ʻia nā alloy magnesium e hana i kekahi mau mea kaua. , e like me nā kākoʻo bunker, nā kumu mortar a me nā missiles, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
4、Kiʻekiʻe wela wela
ʻO nā ʻāpana wela kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i kahi ʻano mea metala e hoʻohana ana i ka hao, nickel, a me ka cobalt ma ke ʻano he matrix element a hiki ke loaʻa ka ikaika waiwai maikaʻi, ka pale ʻana i ka luhi, a me ke kūpaʻa kolo ma lalo o ka hana like ʻana o ke kaumaha a me ka wela kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 600°C). I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea wela wela i nā ʻāpana wela ʻehā o nā aeroengines: nā keʻena puhi ahi, nā alakaʻi, nā lau turbine a me nā disks turbine. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i loko o nā pahu, nā apo, afterburners a me nā nozzles huelo. ʻO ka laulā o nā noi e hana i nā alloys wela kiʻekiʻe i mea hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi loa i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā aero-engines. ʻO ka holomua o ka ʻenehana o nā aero-engines e pili kokoke ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea wela wela.
He mau waiwai maikaʻi loa nā alloys kiʻekiʻe a loaʻa i ka nui o nā noi. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i kahi ʻano mea metala e pili ana i ka hao, nickel, a me ka cobalt e hiki ke hana ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 600 ° C a ma lalo o kekahi pilikia no ka manawa lōʻihi. Loaʻa i nā alloys kiʻekiʻe ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka oxidation a me ka corrosion, ke kūpaʻa luhi maikaʻi, ka paʻakikī haʻihaʻi a me nā waiwai ākea ʻē aʻe, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo "superalloys". Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka noi kahua o kiʻekiʻe-mahana alloys: i loko o ke kahua o ka hana kīwila, hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka diesel engine booster turbines, flue kinoea turbine blades a me disks, metallurgical rolling kila pumehana pads, internal combustion engine exhaust valve noho, etc. petrochemical, aniani a me ka fiberglass, a me nā ʻoihana hana mīkini. Ma ke kahua o ka ʻoihana koa, ʻo nā alloys wela kiʻekiʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nickel i kēia manawa nā mea ʻenehana wela wela no nā ʻenekini aerospace hou, nā mokulele a me nā ʻenekini rocket, a me nā moku a me nā turbine kinoea ʻenehana. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi lākou i nā mea hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe e pono ai i nā reactors nuklea, nā mea hana kemika, ka ʻenehana hoʻololi lanahu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai Guanyan Tianxia, ua piʻi ka nui o ka mākeke alloy kiʻekiʻe o koʻu ʻāina mai 7.8 biliona yuan a i 18.7 biliona yuan mai 2015 a 2020, ʻekolu mau piʻi i ka 5 mau makahiki. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e like me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka noi nui loa no nā ʻenekini aerospace pūʻali koa, ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki i ka nui o ka mākeke o koʻu ʻāina i ka 85.6 biliona yuan e 2025, me kahi CAGR o 35.56%.
5、ʻoi loa kiʻekiʻe ikaika kila
ʻO ke kila kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano o ke kila kila i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana i hiki ke kū i nā koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā kila me ka ikaika hua ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 1180MPa a me ka ikaika tensile ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 1380MPa maʻamau i lawa ka paʻakikī, ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe a me ka ratio hua, a me ka weldability maikaʻi a me ka formability. E like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka alloying a me ka microstructure, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe. I Pepeluali 2018, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi hanauna hou o ke kila ultra-kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka nanoprecipitation coherent, i lanakila i ke poʻo inoa o ka Ministry of Science and Technology's Top Ten Scientific Progress ma Kina ma 2017.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kina i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kila ultra-high-strength i nā makahiki 1950. I ka hui pū ʻana i nā kūlana waiwai home, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi mākou i nā kila ultra-kiʻekiʻe-ikaika haʻahaʻa e like me 35Si2Mn2MoVA, 40CrMnSiMoVA a me 33Si2MnCrMoVREA. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea no ka hana ʻana i nā mea koʻikoʻi e like me nā mea hoʻokele mokulele a me nā pahu kaʻa rocket paʻa. Ma hope o ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maʻemaʻe o ke kila, a ua hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻia ka 40CrNi2Si2MoVA, 45CrNiMo1VA a me 18Ni maraging kila. ʻO ka holomua kupaianaha i hana ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila ultra-high-strength. Mai ka 1990s, ua hana ʻia nā holomua hou i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea hou a me nā kaʻina hana hou, a ua holomua hou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila ultra-kiʻekiʻe me ka paʻakikī haʻihaʻi kiʻekiʻe no ka mokulele a me ka aerospace.
6、Tungsten huila
Ma waena o nā metala, ʻo ka tungsten ka helu hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa ʻana, ka conductivity thermal, ka conductivity uila a me nā waiwai hoʻokuʻu electron, a me ka gravity kikoʻī nui. Ma waho aʻe o ka nui o nā carbide cemented a me nā mea hoʻohui, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka tungsten a me kāna mau alloys i ka ʻenehana uila a me nā ʻoihana kukui uila, a hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi i ka aerospace, ka hoʻolei ʻana, nā mea kaua a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e hana i nā nozzles rocket, make-casting molds, armor-piercing cores, contacts, Heating elements a me nā pale wela, etc.
ʻO Tungsten ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā metala. ʻO kona pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi loa, ʻo kona wahi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe e lawe mai i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion i ka mea. Ua hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa i ka ʻoihana koa, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua. I loko o ka ʻoihana mea kaua, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia e hana i nā poʻo kaua o nā projectiles pahu kaua. Hoʻohana ʻo Tungsten alloy i ka ʻenehana pretreatment pauka a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoikaika deformation nui e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hua o ka mea a e hoʻolōʻihi i ka ʻano o ka palaoa, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikaika o ka mea, paʻakikī a me ka mana komo. ʻO ka mea nui tungsten o ka Type 125II armor-piercing projectile i hoʻomohala ʻia e ko mākou ʻāina ʻo W-Ni-Fe, kahi e hoʻohana ai i kahi kaʻina hana sintering compact density. ʻO kāna hana maʻamau a hiki i ka ikaika tensile o 1,200 MPa, kahi elongation o ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 15%, a me kahi helu ʻenehana kaua o 2,000 mika. Ka mamao komo i 600 mm manoanoa homogeneous kila kila. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka tungsten alloy ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu no ka pahu kaua nui ka nui o ka lakene pale-piercing projectiles, liʻiliʻi a me ka medium-caliber anti-aircraft armor-piercing projectiles a me ka ultra-high-speed kinetic energy armor-piercing projectiles, ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka mana komo ikaika.
Me ka holomua o ka hoʻomohala ʻepekema, ua lilo nā mea hao tungsten i mea waiwai no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana koa i kēia lā, e like me nā pōkā, nā mea kaua a me nā pū, nā poʻo shrapnel, nā grenades, nā pū pana, nā poʻo kī, nā kaʻa pale, nā pahu kaua, nā mokulele kaua, nā ʻāpana pū, nā pū, etc. nā kihi, a ʻo ia nā mea kaua anti-tank nui.
7、metala matrix composites
Loaʻa i nā mea metala matrix composite ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, modulus kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, maikaʻi ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hoʻonui hoʻonui, maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa, a me ka conductivity uila a me ka wela a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana koa. ʻO ka aluminika, ka magnesium, a me ka titanium nā matrices nui o nā composites metala matrix. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻoikaika i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: fibers, particles, and whiskers. Ma waena o lākou, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hoʻohui alumini matrix i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka hōʻoia hoʻohālike, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mokulele fighter F-16. Hoʻopili ka ventral fin i ka alumini alumini, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia kona ʻoʻoleʻa a me ke ola. Ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia lākou no ka hana ʻana i nā bracket satellite artificial, L-band planar antennas, nā telescopes space, a me nā satelite artificial. Parabolic antennas, etc.; silicon carbide particle reinforced aluminum matrix composite materials i ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā hiʻohiʻona anti-wear, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana rocket a me nā missile, infrared a me nā ʻōnaehana alakaʻi laser, nā mea avionics precision, etc.; silicon carbide fiber reinforced titanium matrix ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui he maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa oxidation a he mau mea hoʻolālā kūpono no nā ʻenekini me ke kiʻekiʻe thrust-to-weight ratio. Ua komo lākou i ke kahua hoʻāʻo o nā ʻenekini holomua. Ma ke kahua o ka ʻoihana mea kaua, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea metala matrix composite i ka nui-caliber tail stabilized armor-piercing sabots, anti-helicopter/anti-tank multi-purpose missile solid engine casings a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke poʻo kaua a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke kaua.
Ua ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 40 mau makahiki mai ka hiki ʻana mai o nā mea metala matrix composite. Ma muli o ko lākou kino maikaʻi a me nā ʻano mechanical e like me ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, modulus kikoʻī, ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, ka pale ʻana i ka lole, ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi hoʻonui hoʻonui ʻia, a me ka paʻa o ka dimensional maikaʻi, ua lanakila lākou i nā pilikia o nā mea resin-based. ʻO nā hemahema o nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua aerospace ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala kupaianaha a ua lilo i wahi koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāina like ʻole. Ma muli o ka ʻenehana hana kūpono ʻole a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻohui metala matrix, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana nui nui, no laila he wahi wela ia i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana.